{
  "slug": "mineral-bottlenecks",
  "generatedAt": "2026-06-08",
  "charts": {
    "valueGrowthByGroup": {
      "component": "TradeTimeline",
      "title": "World export value by mineral group, 2000-2024 (log scale)",
      "unit": "millions_usd",
      "scale": "log",
      "years": [
        2000,
        2001,
        2002,
        2003,
        2004,
        2005,
        2006,
        2007,
        2008,
        2009,
        2010,
        2011,
        2012,
        2013,
        2014,
        2015,
        2016,
        2017,
        2018,
        2019,
        2020,
        2021,
        2022,
        2023,
        2024
      ],
      "source": "CEPII BACI (HS92), build.duckdb product_country_year",
      "caveatIds": [
        "hs92-compatible-history",
        "baci-country-codes",
        "commodity-price-cycles",
        "editorial-grouping"
      ],
      "data": [
        {
          "groupKey": "lithium",
          "label": "Lithium compounds",
          "codes": [
            "282520",
            "283691"
          ],
          "points": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "value": 129.097
            },
            {
              "year": 2001,
              "value": 126.229
            },
            {
              "year": 2002,
              "value": 129.451
            },
            {
              "year": 2003,
              "value": 152.916
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "value": 188.039
            },
            {
              "year": 2005,
              "value": 223.881
            },
            {
              "year": 2006,
              "value": 321.317
            },
            {
              "year": 2007,
              "value": 446.764
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "value": 529.021
            },
            {
              "year": 2009,
              "value": 357.089
            },
            {
              "year": 2010,
              "value": 447.254
            },
            {
              "year": 2011,
              "value": 523.386
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "value": 574.86
            },
            {
              "year": 2013,
              "value": 515.909
            },
            {
              "year": 2014,
              "value": 569.282
            },
            {
              "year": 2015,
              "value": 644.942
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "value": 1253.683
            },
            {
              "year": 2017,
              "value": 1792.345
            },
            {
              "year": 2018,
              "value": 2525.838
            },
            {
              "year": 2019,
              "value": 2619.324
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "value": 1981.29
            },
            {
              "year": 2021,
              "value": 2800.74
            },
            {
              "year": 2022,
              "value": 15780.038
            },
            {
              "year": 2023,
              "value": 15558.137
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "value": 6367.018
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "cobalt",
          "label": "Cobalt chain",
          "codes": [
            "260500",
            "810510",
            "810590"
          ],
          "points": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "value": 1889.301
            },
            {
              "year": 2001,
              "value": 1453.687
            },
            {
              "year": 2002,
              "value": 1129.801
            },
            {
              "year": 2003,
              "value": 1435.962
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "value": 3444.247
            },
            {
              "year": 2005,
              "value": 2798.43
            },
            {
              "year": 2006,
              "value": 2988.327
            },
            {
              "year": 2007,
              "value": 4463.71
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "value": 6926.079
            },
            {
              "year": 2009,
              "value": 3101.756
            },
            {
              "year": 2010,
              "value": 4614.508
            },
            {
              "year": 2011,
              "value": 4579.531
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "value": 3421.124
            },
            {
              "year": 2013,
              "value": 3248.542
            },
            {
              "year": 2014,
              "value": 3824.136
            },
            {
              "year": 2015,
              "value": 3745.638
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "value": 3149.655
            },
            {
              "year": 2017,
              "value": 6140.128
            },
            {
              "year": 2018,
              "value": 8537.615
            },
            {
              "year": 2019,
              "value": 5144.17
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "value": 5103.926
            },
            {
              "year": 2021,
              "value": 7974.942
            },
            {
              "year": 2022,
              "value": 10230.023
            },
            {
              "year": 2023,
              "value": 5372.025
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "value": 5650.351
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "graphite",
          "label": "Graphite",
          "codes": [
            "250410",
            "250490",
            "380110",
            "380120"
          ],
          "points": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "value": 606.879
            },
            {
              "year": 2001,
              "value": 577.932
            },
            {
              "year": 2002,
              "value": 623.073
            },
            {
              "year": 2003,
              "value": 657.654
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "value": 881.151
            },
            {
              "year": 2005,
              "value": 1021.066
            },
            {
              "year": 2006,
              "value": 1068.261
            },
            {
              "year": 2007,
              "value": 1192.263
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "value": 1537.782
            },
            {
              "year": 2009,
              "value": 1072.705
            },
            {
              "year": 2010,
              "value": 1504.157
            },
            {
              "year": 2011,
              "value": 2109.88
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "value": 1965.933
            },
            {
              "year": 2013,
              "value": 1809.419
            },
            {
              "year": 2014,
              "value": 1928.962
            },
            {
              "year": 2015,
              "value": 1706.367
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "value": 1570.353
            },
            {
              "year": 2017,
              "value": 1771.03
            },
            {
              "year": 2018,
              "value": 2629.605
            },
            {
              "year": 2019,
              "value": 2534.176
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "value": 2186.517
            },
            {
              "year": 2021,
              "value": 2967.369
            },
            {
              "year": 2022,
              "value": 3640.493
            },
            {
              "year": 2023,
              "value": 3259.325
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "value": 2723.918
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "copper_nickel_ores",
          "label": "Copper & nickel ores",
          "codes": [
            "260300",
            "260400"
          ],
          "points": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "value": 7053.097
            },
            {
              "year": 2001,
              "value": 6841.725
            },
            {
              "year": 2002,
              "value": 6505.436
            },
            {
              "year": 2003,
              "value": 8090.72
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "value": 14001.362
            },
            {
              "year": 2005,
              "value": 18691.27
            },
            {
              "year": 2006,
              "value": 34182.085
            },
            {
              "year": 2007,
              "value": 42225.342
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "value": 39332.47
            },
            {
              "year": 2009,
              "value": 33556.378
            },
            {
              "year": 2010,
              "value": 49652.359
            },
            {
              "year": 2011,
              "value": 58228.862
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "value": 57893.275
            },
            {
              "year": 2013,
              "value": 60724.275
            },
            {
              "year": 2014,
              "value": 59149.611
            },
            {
              "year": 2015,
              "value": 48247.37
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "value": 48026.056
            },
            {
              "year": 2017,
              "value": 60010.622
            },
            {
              "year": 2018,
              "value": 65430.918
            },
            {
              "year": 2019,
              "value": 62476.455
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "value": 66601.295
            },
            {
              "year": 2021,
              "value": 95690.444
            },
            {
              "year": 2022,
              "value": 96419.528
            },
            {
              "year": 2023,
              "value": 99779.209
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "value": 108856.957
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "rare_earth",
          "label": "Rare earth metals",
          "codes": [
            "280530"
          ],
          "points": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "value": 161.828
            },
            {
              "year": 2001,
              "value": 97.567
            },
            {
              "year": 2002,
              "value": 71.455
            },
            {
              "year": 2003,
              "value": 71.9
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "value": 92.994
            },
            {
              "year": 2005,
              "value": 131.332
            },
            {
              "year": 2006,
              "value": 208.476
            },
            {
              "year": 2007,
              "value": 340.026
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "value": 237.0
            },
            {
              "year": 2009,
              "value": 116.617
            },
            {
              "year": 2010,
              "value": 266.192
            },
            {
              "year": 2011,
              "value": 972.67
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "value": 556.635
            },
            {
              "year": 2013,
              "value": 430.899
            },
            {
              "year": 2014,
              "value": 388.328
            },
            {
              "year": 2015,
              "value": 361.85
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "value": 346.41
            },
            {
              "year": 2017,
              "value": 363.768
            },
            {
              "year": 2018,
              "value": 455.223
            },
            {
              "year": 2019,
              "value": 429.63
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "value": 359.592
            },
            {
              "year": 2021,
              "value": 567.451
            },
            {
              "year": 2022,
              "value": 895.759
            },
            {
              "year": 2023,
              "value": 607.103
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "value": 521.199
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "exporterShareLollipops2024": {
      "component": "ExporterShareLollipops",
      "title": "Top exporters by mineral group, 2024 (share of world exports)",
      "unit": "percent",
      "years": [
        2024
      ],
      "source": "CEPII BACI (HS92), build.duckdb product_country_year",
      "caveatIds": [
        "hs92-compatible-history",
        "baci-country-codes",
        "commodity-price-cycles",
        "editorial-grouping"
      ],
      "data": [
        {
          "groupKey": "lithium",
          "label": "Lithium compounds",
          "groupValueMillions": 6367.02,
          "topExporters": [
            {
              "iso3": "CHL",
              "name": "Chile",
              "share": 48.67,
              "valueMillions": 3098.76
            },
            {
              "iso3": "CHN",
              "name": "China",
              "share": 31.94,
              "valueMillions": 2033.75
            },
            {
              "iso3": "ARG",
              "name": "Argentina",
              "share": 10.59,
              "valueMillions": 674.56
            },
            {
              "iso3": "USA",
              "name": "USA",
              "share": 3.0,
              "valueMillions": 190.75
            },
            {
              "iso3": "KOR",
              "name": "Rep. of Korea",
              "share": 0.93,
              "valueMillions": 59.12
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "cobalt",
          "label": "Cobalt chain",
          "groupValueMillions": 5650.35,
          "topExporters": [
            {
              "iso3": "COD",
              "name": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "share": 54.58,
              "valueMillions": 3083.81
            },
            {
              "iso3": "USA",
              "name": "USA",
              "share": 7.89,
              "valueMillions": 446.09
            },
            {
              "iso3": "CAN",
              "name": "Canada",
              "share": 5.29,
              "valueMillions": 299.01
            },
            {
              "iso3": "CHN",
              "name": "China",
              "share": 3.44,
              "valueMillions": 194.55
            },
            {
              "iso3": "GBR",
              "name": "United Kingdom",
              "share": 3.44,
              "valueMillions": 194.43
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "graphite",
          "label": "Graphite",
          "groupValueMillions": 2723.92,
          "topExporters": [
            {
              "iso3": "CHN",
              "name": "China",
              "share": 50.1,
              "valueMillions": 1364.58
            },
            {
              "iso3": "DEU",
              "name": "Germany",
              "share": 7.31,
              "valueMillions": 199.21
            },
            {
              "iso3": "JPN",
              "name": "Japan",
              "share": 6.67,
              "valueMillions": 181.79
            },
            {
              "iso3": "USA",
              "name": "USA",
              "share": 6.2,
              "valueMillions": 168.79
            },
            {
              "iso3": "KOR",
              "name": "Rep. of Korea",
              "share": 4.8,
              "valueMillions": 130.83
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "copper_nickel_ores",
          "label": "Copper & nickel ores",
          "groupValueMillions": 108856.96,
          "topExporters": [
            {
              "iso3": "CHL",
              "name": "Chile",
              "share": 27.86,
              "valueMillions": 30323.31
            },
            {
              "iso3": "PER",
              "name": "Peru",
              "share": 18.88,
              "valueMillions": 20553.65
            },
            {
              "iso3": "IDN",
              "name": "Indonesia",
              "share": 7.54,
              "valueMillions": 8204.57
            },
            {
              "iso3": "AUS",
              "name": "Australia",
              "share": 5.04,
              "valueMillions": 5482.9
            },
            {
              "iso3": "BRA",
              "name": "Brazil",
              "share": 3.94,
              "valueMillions": 4283.73
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "rare_earth",
          "label": "Rare earth metals",
          "groupValueMillions": 521.2,
          "topExporters": [
            {
              "iso3": "VNM",
              "name": "Viet Nam",
              "share": 37.51,
              "valueMillions": 195.49
            },
            {
              "iso3": "AUS",
              "name": "Australia",
              "share": 24.57,
              "valueMillions": 128.08
            },
            {
              "iso3": "CHN",
              "name": "China",
              "share": 21.11,
              "valueMillions": 110.03
            },
            {
              "iso3": "THA",
              "name": "Thailand",
              "share": 8.17,
              "valueMillions": 42.58
            },
            {
              "iso3": "MYS",
              "name": "Malaysia",
              "share": 2.34,
              "valueMillions": 12.19
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "concentrationHHIMatrix": {
      "component": "ConcentrationMatrix",
      "title": "Export concentration (HHI) by mineral group over time",
      "unit": "index",
      "years": [
        2000,
        2004,
        2008,
        2012,
        2016,
        2020,
        2024
      ],
      "source": "CEPII BACI (HS92), build.duckdb product_country_year",
      "caveatIds": [
        "hs92-compatible-history",
        "baci-country-codes",
        "commodity-price-cycles",
        "editorial-grouping"
      ],
      "data": [
        {
          "groupKey": "lithium",
          "label": "Lithium compounds",
          "cells": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "hhi": 0.2514,
              "exporterCount": 51,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 41.93
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "hhi": 0.2528,
              "exporterCount": 57,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 44.78
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "hhi": 0.3614,
              "exporterCount": 54,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 57.46
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "hhi": 0.3587,
              "exporterCount": 60,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 57.42
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "hhi": 0.2757,
              "exporterCount": 65,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 47.39
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "hhi": 0.3105,
              "exporterCount": 64,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 40.16
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "hhi": 0.3514,
              "exporterCount": 68,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 48.67
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "cobalt",
          "label": "Cobalt chain",
          "cells": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "hhi": 0.0652,
              "exporterCount": 88,
              "topExporter": "ZMB",
              "topExporterName": "Zambia",
              "topExporterShare": 10.99
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "hhi": 0.0727,
              "exporterCount": 83,
              "topExporter": "ZMB",
              "topExporterName": "Zambia",
              "topExporterShare": 11.34
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "hhi": 0.0906,
              "exporterCount": 89,
              "topExporter": "COD",
              "topExporterName": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "topExporterShare": 21.58
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "hhi": 0.1355,
              "exporterCount": 83,
              "topExporter": "COD",
              "topExporterName": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "topExporterShare": 32.21
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "hhi": 0.1587,
              "exporterCount": 96,
              "topExporter": "COD",
              "topExporterName": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "topExporterShare": 36.27
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "hhi": 0.2636,
              "exporterCount": 101,
              "topExporter": "COD",
              "topExporterName": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "topExporterShare": 49.75
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "hhi": 0.3131,
              "exporterCount": 96,
              "topExporter": "COD",
              "topExporterName": "Dem. Rep. of the Congo",
              "topExporterShare": 54.58
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "graphite",
          "label": "Graphite",
          "cells": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "hhi": 0.0981,
              "exporterCount": 102,
              "topExporter": "USA",
              "topExporterName": "USA",
              "topExporterShare": 16.2
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "hhi": 0.0903,
              "exporterCount": 111,
              "topExporter": "JPN",
              "topExporterName": "Japan",
              "topExporterShare": 16.52
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "hhi": 0.1241,
              "exporterCount": 118,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 25.14
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "hhi": 0.1651,
              "exporterCount": 119,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 33.42
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "hhi": 0.1755,
              "exporterCount": 117,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 37.08
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "hhi": 0.2191,
              "exporterCount": 114,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 43.59
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "hhi": 0.2707,
              "exporterCount": 121,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 50.1
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "copper_nickel_ores",
          "label": "Copper & nickel ores",
          "cells": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "hhi": 0.1804,
              "exporterCount": 84,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 34.77
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "hhi": 0.1847,
              "exporterCount": 89,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 38.27
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "hhi": 0.1263,
              "exporterCount": 101,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 28.37
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "hhi": 0.1219,
              "exporterCount": 106,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 27.24
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "hhi": 0.1198,
              "exporterCount": 102,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 25.43
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "hhi": 0.1322,
              "exporterCount": 106,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 30.73
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "hhi": 0.1306,
              "exporterCount": 113,
              "topExporter": "CHL",
              "topExporterName": "Chile",
              "topExporterShare": 27.86
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "rare_earth",
          "label": "Rare earth metals",
          "cells": [
            {
              "year": 2000,
              "hhi": 0.5558,
              "exporterCount": 50,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 73.63
            },
            {
              "year": 2004,
              "hhi": 0.581,
              "exporterCount": 45,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 75.67
            },
            {
              "year": 2008,
              "hhi": 0.711,
              "exporterCount": 44,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 84.11
            },
            {
              "year": 2012,
              "hhi": 0.4131,
              "exporterCount": 49,
              "topExporter": "CHN",
              "topExporterName": "China",
              "topExporterShare": 60.01
            },
            {
              "year": 2016,
              "hhi": 0.2142,
              "exporterCount": 54,
              "topExporter": "VNM",
              "topExporterName": "Viet Nam",
              "topExporterShare": 33.44
            },
            {
              "year": 2020,
              "hhi": 0.2157,
              "exporterCount": 58,
              "topExporter": "VNM",
              "topExporterName": "Viet Nam",
              "topExporterShare": 31.89
            },
            {
              "year": 2024,
              "hhi": 0.2536,
              "exporterCount": 54,
              "topExporter": "VNM",
              "topExporterName": "Viet Nam",
              "topExporterShare": 37.51
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "importerExposureBubbles": {
      "component": "ExposureBubblePlot",
      "title": "Top importers of critical battery/grid minerals, 2024: value vs supplier concentration",
      "unit": "millions_usd",
      "years": [
        2024
      ],
      "source": "CEPII BACI (HS92), raw bilateral parquet trade_2024.parquet",
      "caveatIds": [
        "hs92-compatible-history",
        "baci-country-codes",
        "route-proxy",
        "editorial-grouping"
      ],
      "data": [
        {
          "iso3": "CHN",
          "name": "China",
          "importMillions": 73775.16,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1553,
          "topSupplier": "CHL",
          "topSupplierName": "Chile",
          "topSupplierShare": 30.8
        },
        {
          "iso3": "JPN",
          "name": "Japan",
          "importMillions": 14727.57,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1874,
          "topSupplier": "CHL",
          "topSupplierName": "Chile",
          "topSupplierShare": 35.0
        },
        {
          "iso3": "KOR",
          "name": "Rep. of Korea",
          "importMillions": 7497.22,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1468,
          "topSupplier": "CHL",
          "topSupplierName": "Chile",
          "topSupplierShare": 25.0
        },
        {
          "iso3": "IND",
          "name": "India",
          "importMillions": 4174.45,
          "supplierHHI": 0.204,
          "topSupplier": "CHL",
          "topSupplierName": "Chile",
          "topSupplierShare": 32.3
        },
        {
          "iso3": "DEU",
          "name": "Germany",
          "importMillions": 2869.13,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1362,
          "topSupplier": "BRA",
          "topSupplierName": "Brazil",
          "topSupplierShare": 24.4
        },
        {
          "iso3": "BGR",
          "name": "Bulgaria",
          "importMillions": 2550.26,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1384,
          "topSupplier": "IDN",
          "topSupplierName": "Indonesia",
          "topSupplierShare": 19.9
        },
        {
          "iso3": "ESP",
          "name": "Spain",
          "importMillions": 2514.22,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1764,
          "topSupplier": "PER",
          "topSupplierName": "Peru",
          "topSupplierShare": 24.0
        },
        {
          "iso3": "PHL",
          "name": "Philippines",
          "importMillions": 2053.89,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1945,
          "topSupplier": "AUS",
          "topSupplierName": "Australia",
          "topSupplierShare": 36.5
        },
        {
          "iso3": "FIN",
          "name": "Finland",
          "importMillions": 1365.24,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1199,
          "topSupplier": "CAN",
          "topSupplierName": "Canada",
          "topSupplierShare": 22.7
        },
        {
          "iso3": "MEX",
          "name": "Mexico",
          "importMillions": 1252.29,
          "supplierHHI": 0.8636,
          "topSupplier": "USA",
          "topSupplierName": "USA",
          "topSupplierShare": 92.8
        },
        {
          "iso3": "CAN",
          "name": "Canada",
          "importMillions": 1222.54,
          "supplierHHI": 0.3305,
          "topSupplier": "USA",
          "topSupplierName": "USA",
          "topSupplierShare": 55.6
        },
        {
          "iso3": "USA",
          "name": "USA",
          "importMillions": 1197.81,
          "supplierHHI": 0.1432,
          "topSupplier": "CHN",
          "topSupplierName": "China",
          "topSupplierShare": 32.4
        }
      ]
    },
    "valueQuantityDiagnostic": {
      "component": "ValueQuantityDiagnostic",
      "title": "Value vs quantity, 2000 to 2024: how much growth is price?",
      "unit": "mixed",
      "years": [
        2000,
        2024
      ],
      "source": "CEPII BACI (HS92), raw bilateral parquet (q non-null rows only)",
      "caveatIds": [
        "hs92-compatible-history",
        "quantity-nullable",
        "commodity-price-cycles",
        "editorial-grouping"
      ],
      "note": "Quantity in metric tons; q is nullable so only non-null-q rows are used. q-value coverage >=99.4% for every group in 2024.",
      "data": [
        {
          "groupKey": "lithium",
          "label": "Lithium compounds",
          "years": {
            "2000": {
              "valueMillions": 129.1,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 128.32,
              "quantityTons": 66222.9,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.39,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 1937.6
            },
            "2024": {
              "valueMillions": 6367.02,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 6367.0,
              "quantityTons": 512442.9,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 100.0,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 12424.8
            }
          },
          "valueMultiple_2000_2024": 49.62,
          "quantityMultiple_2000_2024": 7.74,
          "unitValueMultiple_2000_2024": 6.41
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "cobalt",
          "label": "Cobalt chain",
          "years": {
            "2000": {
              "valueMillions": 1889.3,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 1886.35,
              "quantityTons": 201165.4,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.84,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 9377.1
            },
            "2024": {
              "valueMillions": 5650.35,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 5617.7,
              "quantityTons": 742875.4,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.42,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 7562.1
            }
          },
          "valueMultiple_2000_2024": 2.98,
          "quantityMultiple_2000_2024": 3.69,
          "unitValueMultiple_2000_2024": 0.81
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "graphite",
          "label": "Graphite",
          "years": {
            "2000": {
              "valueMillions": 606.88,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 591.14,
              "quantityTons": 829701.7,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 97.41,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 712.5
            },
            "2024": {
              "valueMillions": 2723.92,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 2723.38,
              "quantityTons": 1295626.9,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.98,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 2102.0
            }
          },
          "valueMultiple_2000_2024": 4.61,
          "quantityMultiple_2000_2024": 1.56,
          "unitValueMultiple_2000_2024": 2.95
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "copper_nickel_ores",
          "label": "Copper & nickel ores",
          "years": {
            "2000": {
              "valueMillions": 7053.1,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 7053.07,
              "quantityTons": 18495061.6,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 100.0,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 381.3
            },
            "2024": {
              "valueMillions": 108856.96,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 108774.75,
              "quantityTons": 88099757.1,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.92,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 1234.7
            }
          },
          "valueMultiple_2000_2024": 15.42,
          "quantityMultiple_2000_2024": 4.76,
          "unitValueMultiple_2000_2024": 3.24
        },
        {
          "groupKey": "rare_earth",
          "label": "Rare earth metals",
          "years": {
            "2000": {
              "valueMillions": 161.83,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 161.01,
              "quantityTons": 17168.8,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.5,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 9378.1
            },
            "2024": {
              "valueMillions": 521.2,
              "valueMillionsQnonnull": 520.8,
              "quantityTons": 44993.7,
              "qValueCoveragePct": 99.92,
              "impliedUnitValueUsdPerTon": 11575.0
            }
          },
          "valueMultiple_2000_2024": 3.23,
          "quantityMultiple_2000_2024": 2.62,
          "unitValueMultiple_2000_2024": 1.23
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}